Electric force

• Coulomb's law, which gives the electric force that one charged object exerts on another
• Calculating electric force for different arrangements of charges

• Electrostatics deals with electric charges that are at rest ("static")
• Charge is a scalar quantity. It can be positive or negative. The positive or negative character of a charge is called polarity.
• Like gravity, electric forces act at a distance. Unlike gravity, which always pulls objects together, electric forces can either push apart or pull together charges.
• Like charges (both positive or both negative) will repel each other
• Opposite charges (one positive and one negative) will attract each other.

• Coulomb's law describes electric force (F_e).

$|F_e| = k \frac{|Q_1 Q_2|}{r^2}$

• k (Coulomb's constant) is an experimentally determined constant that relates the size of the charges (Q₁ and Q₂) and radius (r¸ distance between charges) to the magnitude F_e.
• Coulomb's law only gives the magnitude of F_e and not the direction, indicated by the absolute value sign on |F_e|. Notice that k, Q, and $r^2$ are all scalars: there are no vectors on that side of the equation that could give F_e a direction. The direction of F_e must be found by considering if the charges involved would be attracted or repelled, based on their polarities.

Coulomb's Law (Electric Force)